The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature

(Texts: All Artifacts, Color Coding, & Writings in Bold Type With Italics Inside Parenthesis, are Added by Editor R. Brown, not the Authors, Translators, or Publishers!)

(gods in blue …mixed-breed demigods in teal…)

(Ninhursag‘s creature creation = Enkidu, Enlil‘s creation = Hawawa)

^1-3 Now the lord once decided to set off for the mountain where the man lives;

 (Gilgamesh, giant semi-divine son-king to Ninsun)

lord Gilgamec (Uruk‘s 5th King Gilgamesh) decided to set off for the mountain where the man lives.

He spoke to his slave Enkidu (Ninhursag‘s creation, companion for Gilgamesh):

              (Enkidu)

^4-7 “Enkidu, since a man cannot pass beyond the final end of life,

I want to set off into the mountains, to establish my renown there.

Where renown can be established there, I will establish my renown;

and where no renown can be established there, I shall establish the renown of the gods.”

^8-12 His slave Enkidu answered him:

“My lord, if today you want to set off into the mountains, Utu should know about it from us.

(1 ms. adds: If you want to set off into the Mountains of Cedar-felling, Utu should know about it from us.)

  (alien giant Utu, son to Nannar & Ningal)

Utu, youthful Utu, should know about it from us.

              (Utu cutting launch & landing pads into mountains)

A decision that concerns the mountains is Utu‘s business.

A decision that concerns the Mountains of Cedar-felling is the business of youthful Utu.

Utu should know about it from us.”

^13-16 Gilgamec prepared (2 mss. have instead: took hold of) a white kid.

He clasped a brown kid, a sacrificial animal, close to his breast. (1 ms. has instead: He …… a brown kid.)

In his hand he held a holy staff before his nose, as he addressed Utu of heaven:

(addressing Utu with one foot upon a mountain, & his rock-saw in hand)

^17-18 “Utu, I want to set off into the mountains!

May you be my helper!

I want to set off into the Mountains of Cedar-felling!

May you be my helper!”

^19-20 From heaven Utu replied to him:

“Young man, you are noble already in your own right — but what would you want with the mountains?”

                (Utu / Shamash, Sun God, Commander of the Space Ports)

^21-33 “Utu, I have something to say to you — a word in your ear!

I greet you — please pay attention!

In my city people are dying, and hearts are full of distress.

People are lost — that fills me with (1 ms. adds wretched) dismay.

I craned my neck over the city wall: corpses in the water make the river almost overflow.

That is what I see.

That will happen to me too — that is the way things go.

No one is tall enough to reach heaven; no one can reach wide enough to stretch over the mountains.

Since a man cannot pass beyond the final end of life,

I want to set off into the mountains, to establish my renown there.

Where renown can be established there,

I will establish my renown; and where no renown can be established there,

I shall establish the renown of the gods.”

^34-47 Utu accepted his tears as a fitting gift.

As befits a compassionate person, he turned to him full of compassion:

“Now there are seven warriors, sons of a single mother.

The first, their eldest brother, has lion’s paws and eagle’s talons.

The second is a …… snake, …….

The third is a dragon snake, …….

The fourth blazes with fire …….

The fifth is a …… snake, …….

The sixth (1 ms. adds: , a shackle that …… the rebel lands in the hills,)

beats at the flanks of the mountains like a battering flood (1 ms. has instead: , floodwater that destroys all).

The seventh …… flashes like lightning, and no one can deflect it (alien tech) (1 ms. has instead: its power).

(1 ms. adds 4 lines:4 lines fragmentary)

(another ms. adds instead 6 lines:)

2 lines fragmentary

…… kingship …….

  (Nisaba, scribe, Goddess of Grain)

Nisaba (Enlil‘s mother-in-law) has bestowed …… on you in addition.

They ……, and know the routes on earth.

They will help you find the …… of the way.)

They should guide you through the mountain valleys!

The warrior, youthful Utu, gave these seven to (King) Gilgamec.

(3 mss. have instead the line, placed after line 43:

These seven the warrior, youthful Utu, gave to lord Gilgamec.)

The feller of cedars was filled with joy; lord Gilgamec was filled with joy.

^48-51 In his city he had the horn sounded for single men; similarly for two together he made them call out.

“Let him who has a household go to his household!

Let him who has a mother go to his mother!

Let bachelor males, types like me, (4 mss. add: — fifty of them –) join me at my side!”

^52-60 Whoever had a household went to his household.

Whoever had a mother went to his mother.

Bachelor males, types like him — there were fifty — joined him at his side.

He made his way to the blacksmith’s, and had them cast ……

weapons and axes, the strength of warriors.

Then he made his way to the deeply shaded plantations,

where he had ebony trees felled, and halub trees, apricot trees, and box trees.

He …… to his fellow-citizens who were going with him.

(1 ms. adds: Warriors, sons of a single mother …….)

The first, their eldest brother, has lion’s paws and eagle’s claws.

They will guide him through the mountain valleys.

⁶¹ He crossed the first mountain range,

but his intuition did not lead him to find the cedars there

(1 ms. has instead: the cedars did not catch his attention).

(The same ms. adds: He crossed the second mountain range,

but the cedars did not catch his attention.

He crossed the third mountain range, but the cedars did not catch his attention.

He crossed the fourth mountain range, but the cedars did not catch his attention.

He crossed the fifth mountain range, but the cedars did not catch his attention.

He crossed the sixth mountain range, but the cedars did not catch his attention.)

(Another ms. adds instead:unknown no. of lines missing

He crossed the third mountain range, but his intuition did not lead him to find the cedars there.

He crossed the fourth mountain range, but his intuition did not lead him to find the cedars there.

He crossed the fifth mountain range, but his intuition did not lead him to find the cedars there.

He crossed the sixth mountain range, but his intuition did not lead him to find the cedars there.)

^62-67 When he had crossed the seventh mountain range, there his intuition led him to find the cedars.

He did not need to ask, nor did he have to search any further.

Lord Gilgamec (King Gilgamesh) began to chop at the cedars,

             (cedar wood, favorite of the gods, used for perfumes, oil, construction, etc.)

while Enkidu lopped off their branches, …… to Gilgamec.

(1 ms. has instead: while Enkidu (Enki‘s creation) …… their branches, and his fellow-citizens …….)

(1 ms. adds: to ……, Enkidu …….) …… stacked them in piles.

            (Huwawa)

(1 ms. adds: Huwawa …….) (Enlil‘s creature-creation, cedar forest guard)

He loosed his terrors against ……. (instead of lines 65-67, 1 ms. has instead:

while Enkidu cut up the timbers, and the widows’ sons who had come with him heaped them up in piles.

Since, because of the ……,

  (Huwawa, Enlil‘s cedar forests of Lebanon guard)

Huwawa had been scared in his lair by Gilgamec, he began to radiate his terrors …….)

^68-75 Gilgamec …… was overcome by sleep, and it affected Enkidu …… as a powerful longing.

His fellow-citizens who had come with him flailed around at his feet like puppies.

Enkidu awoke from his dream, shuddering from his sleep.

He rubbed his eyes; there was eerie silence everywhere.

He touched Gilgamec, but could not rouse him.

He spoke to him, but he did not reply.

^76-84 “You who have gone to sleep, you who have gone to sleep!

Gilgamec, young lord of Kulaba (Anu‘s precinct in Uruk), how long will you sleep for?

The mountains are becoming indistinct as the shadows fall across them; the evening twilight lies over them.

  (Ningal, Nannar‘s spouse, mother to Utu)

Proud Utu is already on his way to the bosom of his mother Ningal (Nannar‘s spouse).

Gilgamec, how long will you sleep for?

The sons of your city who came with you should not have to wait at the foot of the hills.

Their own mothers should not have to twine string in the square of your city.”

^85-89 He thrust that into his right ear; he covered him with his aggressive words as if with a cloth

(1 ms. adds: , laid them out like linen).

He gathered (3 mss. have instead: picked up)

in his hand a cloth with thirty shekels of oil on it and smothered

(1 ms. has instead: rubbed) it over Gilgamec‘s chest.

   (giant mixed-breed offspring shaped into a king, Gilgamesh)

Then Gilgamec (2/3rds divine) stood up like a bull on the great earth.

Bending his neck downwards, he yelled at him:

  (Ninsun, mother to alien gods & many semi-divine mixed-breed kings)

^90-91 “By the life of my own mother Ninsun

and of my father, holy Lugalbanda! (semi-divine mixed-breed king)

Am I to become again as if I were slumbering still on the lap of my own mother Ninsun?”

^92-95 A second time he spoke to him:

(Gilgamesh & mother-goddess Ninsun)

“By the life of my own mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!

Until I discover whether that person was a human or a god,

I shall not direct back to the city my steps which I have directed to the mountains.”

^96-97 The slave, trying to ameliorate the situation,

trying to make life appear more attractive, answered his master:

^98-106 “My master, you have not yet really seen that person, he should not vex you. —

But he vexes me — me, who have seen him before.

His pugnacious mouth is a dragon’s maw; his face is a lion’s grimace.

His chest is like a raging flood; no one dare approach

(1 ms. has instead: can escape from) his brow, which devours the reed-beds.

(2 mss. adds 1 line: A man-eating lion, he never wipes away the blood from his slaver.)

(1 ms. adds instead 5 lines:1 line fragmentary

…… a lion eating a corpse, he never wipes away the blood

3 lines fragmentary)

Travel on, my master, up into the mountains! — but I shall travel back to the city.

If I say to your mother about you “He is alive!”, she will laugh.

But afterwards I shall say to her about you “He is dead!”, and she will certainly weep over you

(1 ms. has instead: bitterly).” (1 ms. adds: …… replied to ……:)

             (Inanna, Nannar, Enkidu, & Gilgamesh)

^107-116 “Look, Enkidu, two people together will not perish!

A grappling-pole does not sink!

No one can cut through a three-ply cloth!

Water cannot wash someone away from a wall!

Fire in a reed house cannot be extinguished!

You help me, and I will help you — what can anyone do against us then?

When it sank, when it sank, when the Magan boat sank, when the magilum barge sank,

then at least the life-saving grappling-pole of the boat was rescued

(1 ms. has instead: was not allowed to sink)!

Come on, let’s get after him and get a sight of him!

^117-119 “If we go after him, there will be terror!

There will be terror. Turn back! Is it advisable?

Is it advisable? Turn back!”

¹²⁰ “Whatever you may think — come on, let’s get after him!

^121-125 Before a man can approach within even sixty times six yards,

  (Hawawa, Enlil‘s creature creation)

Huwawa has already reached his house among the cedars.

When he looks at someone, it is the look of death.

When he shakes his head at someone, it is a gesture full of reproach.

(1 ms. adds: When he speaks to someone, he certainly does not prolong his words:)

“You may still be a young man, but you will never again return to the city of your mother who bore you!”

^126-129 Fear and terror spread through his (1 ms. has instead: Gilgamec‘s) sinews and his feet.

He could not move (?) his feet on the ground; the big toenails of his feet stuck …… to the path (?).

At his side …….

            (creature guard Huwawa)

^130-135 (Huwawa addressed Gilgamec:)

“So come on now, you heroic bearer of a scepter of wide-ranging power!

Noble glory of the gods, angry bull standing ready for a fight!

Your mother knew well how to bear sons,

and your nurse knew well how to nourish children on the breast!

Don’t be afraid, rest your hand on the ground!

^136-139 Gilgamec rested his hand on the ground, and addressed Huwawa:

            (Ninsun, her 2/3rds divine son-king Gilgamesh, & Utu)

“By the life of my own mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!

No one really knows where in the mountains you live;

they would like to know where in the mountains you live.

Here, I have brought you En-me-barage-si, my big sister, to be your wife in the mountains.”

^140-144 And again he addressed him:

  (Ninsun, daughter to Ninurta & Bau)

“By the life of my mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!

No one really knows where in the mountains you live;

they would like to know where in the mountains you live.

Here, I have brought you Ma-tur, my little sister, to be your concubine in the mountains.

Just hand over your terrors to me! I want to become your kinsman!”

              (Huwawa / Humbaba, guardian of Enlil‘s cedar forest)

^145-148 Then Huwawa handed over to him his first terror.

Gilgamec‘s fellow-citizens who had come with him began to lop off the branches

and bundle them together, so as to lay them down at the foot of the hills.

(Several mss. preserve a more elaborate, but repetitive, narrative built on the pattern of lines 145-148. Some preserve the repetitions in an extremely abbreviated form. No ms. known to be from Nippur preserves the additional lines. One ms. of unknown origin adds at least 53 lines (and another fragmentary ms. of unknown origin gives an abbreviated version of these, always replacing ‘terror’ by ‘aura’):

^148A-148K And again he addressed him:

            (Gilgamesh & goddess mother Ninsun)

“By the life of my mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!

No one really knows where in the mountains you live;

they would like to know where in the mountains you live.

Here, I have brought to the mountains for you …….

Couldn’t I get close to you and your family?

Just hand over your terrors to me! I want to become your kinsman!

             (Enlil’s beast Huwawa)

“Then Huwawa handed over to him his second terror.

Gilgamec‘s fellow-citizens who had come with him began to lop off the branches

and bundle them together, so as to lay them down at the foot of the hills.

^148L-148V And a third time he addressed him:

             (Gilgamesh & goddess mother Ninsun)

“By the life of my mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!

No one really knows where in the mountains you live;

they would like to know where in the mountains you live.

Here, I have brought to the mountains for you some eca flour —

the food of the gods! — and a waterskin of cool water.

Couldn’t I get close to you and your family?

Just hand over your terrors to me!

I want to become your kinsman! ”

           (Huwawa)

Then Huwawa handed over to him his third terror.

Gilgamec‘s fellow-citizens who had come with him

began to lop off the branches and bundle them together,

so as to lay them down at the foot of the hills.

^148W-148FF And a fourth time he addressed him:

            (symbols of Sun God Utu, & Moon God – Utu’s father Nannar)

“By the life of my mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!

No one really knows where in the mountains you live;

they would like to know where in the mountains you live.

Here, I have brought to the mountains for you some big shoes for big feet.

Couldn’t I get close to you and your family?

Just hand over your terrors to me! I want to become your kinsman! ”

Then Huwawa handed over to him his fourth terror.

Gilgamec‘s fellow-citizens who had come with him began to lop off the branches

and bundle them together, so as to lay them down at the foot of the hills.

^148GG-148PP And a fifth time he addressed him:

            (Gilgamesh, naked Inanna in background, & his goddess mother Ninsun)

“By the life of my mother (goddess) Ninsun and of my father, holy (mixed-breed Uruk King) Lugalbanda!

No one really knows where in the mountains you live;

they would like to know where in the mountains you live.

Here, I have brought to the mountains for you some tiny shoes for your tiny feet.

Couldn’t I get close to you and your family?

Just hand over your terrors to me! I want to become your kinsman! ”

Then Huwawa handed over to him his fifth terror.

Gilgamec‘s fellow-citizens who had come with him began to lop off the branches

and bundle them together, so as to lay them down at the foot of the hills.

^148QQ-148AAA And a sixth time he addressed him:

              (mother Ninsun & famous son-king Gilgamesh, 2/3rds divine)

“By the life of my mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!

No one really knows where in the mountains you live;

they would like to know where in the mountains you live.

Here, I have brought you rock-crystal, nir stone and lapis lazuli — from the mountains.

Couldn’t I get close to you and your family?

Just hand over your terrors to me! I want to become your kinsman! ”

Then Huwawa handed over to him his sixth terror.

Gilgamec‘s fellow-citizens who had come with him began to lop off the branches

and bundle them together, so as to lay them down at the foot of the hills.)

^149-151 When Huwawa had finally handed over to him his seventh terror,

Gilgamec found himself beside Huwawa.

He went up to him gradually(1 ms. has instead: ……) from behind, as one does with a …… snake.

He made as if to kiss him, but then punched him on the cheek with his fist.

¹⁵² Huwawa bared his teeth at him (1 ms. adds: , furrowing his brows at him).

(2 mss. from Ur add 8 lines: Huwawa addressed Gilgamec: “Hero, …… to act falsely!”

The two of them …… on him …….

…… the warrior from his dwelling.

…… said to him, “Sit down!”

…… Huwawa from his dwelling.

…… said to him, “Sit down!”

The warrior sat down and began to weep, shedding tears.

Huwawa sat down and began to weep, shedding tears.

Huwawa …… plea …… to Gilgamec.)

(instead of ll. 152A-152H, 2 other mss. add 2 lines:)

He threw a halter over him as over a captured wild bull.

He tied up his arms like a captured man.) (one of the mss. adds 1 further line: Huwawa wept, …….)

^153-157 He tugged at Gilgamec‘s hand.(4 mss. have instead: “Gilgamec, let me go!”)

              (Gilgamesh, DNA-mixed beast, & winged pilot Utu)

“I want to talk to Utu!

         “Utu, I never knew a mother who bore me, nor a father who brought me up!

I was born in the mountains — you brought me up!

Yet Gilgamec swore to me by heaven, by earth, and by the mountains.”

^158-160 Huwawa clutched at Gilgamec‘s hand, and prostrated himself before him.

Then Gilgamec‘s noble heart took pity on him.

Gilgamec addressed Enkidu (3 mss. have instead: He addressed his slave Enkidu):

^161-162 “Enkidu, let the captured bird run away home!

Let the captured man return to his mother’s embrace!

^163-174 Enkidu replied to Gilgamec (2 mss. have instead: His slave Enkidu replied):

“Come on now, you heroic bearer of a scepter of wide-ranging power!

Noble glory of the gods, angry bull standing ready for a fight!

Young lord Gilgamec, cherished in Unug, your mother knew well how to bear sons,

and your nurse knew well how to nourish children! —

One so exalted and yet so lacking in understanding

(1 ms. has instead: judgment) will be devoured by fate without him ever understanding that fate.

The very idea that a captured bird should run away home,

or a captured man should return to his mother’s embrace! —

Then you yourself would never get back to the mother-city that bore you!

(1 ms. adds: A captured warrior set free!

A captured high priestess …… to the jipar!

A captured gudu priest restored to his wig of hair!

…… ever, ever ……?

2 lines fragmentary

…… his attention to his words …….)

^175-177 Huwawa addressed Enkidu:

              (replace Enki with Utu)

“Enkidu, you speak such hateful you speak such hateful words to him.

(2 mss. have instead: why do you speak such hateful words to him?)“

(1 ms. adds:2 lines fragmentary)

^178-180 As Huwawa spoke thus to him, Enkidu, full of rage and anger,

              (Gilgamesh cuts the throat of Huwawa)

cut his throat (2 mss. from Nippur have instead: they cut his throat).

He put (1 ms. has instead:) He chucked (the same 2 mss. from Nippur have instead:

They put) his head in a leather bag.

^181-186 They entered before Enlil.

After they had kissed the ground before Enlil, they threw the leather bag down,

  (Enlil, King Anu‘s son & heir, appointed Earth Colony Commander)

tipped out his head, and placed it before Enlil.

When Enlil saw the head of Huwawa, he spoke angrily to Gilgamec:

(instead of lines 181-186, 1 ms. has:

  (Enlil & spouse Ninlil)

They brought it before Enlil and Ninlil.

When Enlil approached (?), …… went out the window (?), and Ninlil went out …….

When Enlil with Ninlil had returned (?),)

^187-192 “Why did you act in this way?

…… did you act ……? (1 ms. has instead: Was it commanded that his name should be wiped from the earth?)

He should have sat before you! (1 ms. has instead: He should have sat ……, …....)

He should have eaten the bread that you eat, and should have drunk the water that you drink!

He should have been honored …… you! (1 ms. has instead: Huwawa — he …… honored!)”

(1 other ms. has instead: From his seat, Enlil assigned Huwawa‘s heavenly auras to …….)

^193-199 (the ms. tradition for lines 193-199 is extremely confused about the order in which the various auras are assigned; the following sequence is a compromise:)

He gave Huwawa‘s first aura to the fields.

He gave his second aura to the rivers.

He gave his third aura to the reed-beds.

He gave his fourth aura to the lions.

He gave his fifth aura to the palace (1 ms. has instead: debt slaves) .

He gave his sixth aura to the forests (1 ms. has instead: the hills).

  (Bau – Enlil‘s sister, & her spouse-nephew Ninurta – Enlil‘s son)

He gave his seventh aura to Nungal (Bau) (the goddess of prisoners) .

²⁰⁰ …… his terror ……(1 ms. or possibly 2 mss. have instead: …… the rest of the auras …… Gilgamec …….)

^201-202 Mighty one, Gilgamec, who is cherished!

  (Nisaba, Master Scribe & Goddess of Grains, Haia‘s spouse, Ninlil‘s & Ningal‘s mother)

(1 ms. has instead: be praised! Enkidu, be praised!) Nisaba, be praised!

(instead of lines 201-202, 1 ms. has: Huwawa, ……!

…… cherished, ……!

Enkidu, be praised ……!)